Definition and example of 55 literary terms
A literary term refers to a specific technique, style, or element used in literature to convey meaning, create effects, or enhance the overall impact of a work.
Literary Terms List
The following is a list of various literary terms:
1. Allegory
2. Alliteration
3. Allusion
4. Anachronism
5. Analogy
6. Antagonist
7. Assonance
8. Characterization
9. Climax
10. Conflict
11. Connotation
12. Denotation
13. Diction
14. Euphemism
15. Flashback
16. Foreshadowing
17. Hyperbole
18. Imagery
19. Irony
20. Metaphor
21. Mood
22. Motif
23. Onomatopoeia
24. Oxymoron
25. Paradox
26. Personification
27. Plot
28. Point of view
29. Protagonist
30. Repetition
31. Rhyme
32. Satire
33. Setting
34. Simile
35. Symbolism
36. Theme
37. Tone
38. Anaphora
39. Antithesis
40. Ballad
41. Blank verse
42. Sonnet
43. Consonance
44. Digression
45. Elegy
46. Epic
47. Eulogy
48. Hymn
49. Limerick
50. Monologue
51. Novel
52. Epistolary Novel
53. Ode
54. Soliloquy
55. Stanza
Please note that this list is not exhaustive, as there are numerous literary terms used in different contexts and genres of literature. These terms can be applied to poetry, prose, drama, and other forms of writing. Each term serves a specific purpose in enhancing the depth, meaning, and impact of literary works.
Definitions and Examples of Literary Terms
Here are the definitions of each of the literary terms along with easy examples:
1. Allegory
A narrative where characters, events, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral principles.
Example: "Animal Farm" by George Orwell, where farm animals represent different political ideologies.
Here's an easy example of allegory:
"The Tortoise and the Hare" is a popular fable that can be seen as an allegory. On the surface, it tells the story of a race between a slow-moving tortoise and a fast-running hare. The hare, confident in his speed, becomes complacent and takes a nap during the race. Meanwhile, the tortoise continues steadily, ultimately crossing the finish line first and winning the race.
In this allegory, the tortoise represents patience, perseverance, and steady effort, while the hare symbolizes overconfidence and a lack of discipline. The fable conveys a moral lesson about the value of consistent effort and determination, suggesting that slow and steady progress often leads to success, while quick bursts of talent or skill alone may not be sufficient.
Through the characters and events in this simple story, the allegory teaches a broader lesson applicable to various aspects of life, such as work, education, or personal goals.
2. Alliteration
The repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words.
Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."
In this phrase, the repeated "p" sound at the beginning of the words creates alliteration. The repetition of the "p" sound adds a musical quality and emphasizes the playful and rhythmic nature of the sentence. Alliteration is often used in poetry, advertising slogans, and tongue twisters to create a memorable and engaging effect.
3. Allusion
A reference to a person, place, event, or work of literature, often used to convey a deeper meaning. Example: "He was a real Romeo with the ladies," alluding to Shakespeare's tragic character.
One common example of allusion is when someone refers to another person as a "Midas" or "having the Midas touch." This alludes to the Greek myth of King Midas, who was granted the power to turn everything he touched into gold. However, this power ultimately brought him misery, as he realized he could not even eat or drink without turning it to gold.
When someone is described as having the "Midas touch," it means they have a remarkable ability to make everything they touch successful or profitable. This allusion suggests that the person being referred to has a special talent for turning situations into favorable outcomes.
4. Anachronism
Something out of its proper time period, often used for artistic effect.
Example: A movie set in ancient Rome where a character is seen using a modern smartphone.
Anachronism is a literary device that involves placing a person, event, object, or custom in a time period where it does not belong. It is an intentional deviation from the chronological or historical order, often used for artistic or comedic effect. Anachronisms can occur in literature, film, theater, or any form of storytelling.
Here's an easy example of an anachronism:
"In medieval times, the knights gathered at the roundtable and discussed the latest news on their smartphones."
In this example, the presence of smartphones in a medieval setting is an anachronism because smartphones did not exist during that time period. The anachronism creates a jarring contrast between the past and the present, serving to amuse or surprise the audience.
Anachronisms can also be used intentionally to comment on or critique certain aspects of society or to highlight the timelessness of certain themes. For example:
- In Shakespeare's play "Julius Caesar," the use of a clock to measure time is an anachronism because mechanical clocks did not exist in ancient Rome. However, it emphasizes the idea of the passage of time and the inevitability of Caesar's fate.
- In the movie "Monty Python and the Holy Grail," the anachronistic presence of a coconut used as a horse sound effect adds comedic value to the scenes set in the Middle Ages.
Anachronisms are effective literary devices as they can challenge the audience's expectations, create humor, and provide insight into the author's artistic intentions. By incorporating elements from different time periods, anachronisms can add depth, contrast, and a sense of playfulness to a narrative.
5. Analogy
A comparison between two different things to highlight their similarities.
Example: "Finding the right word is like finding a needle in a haystack."
Here's an example of an analogy:
"Life is like a roller coaster. It has its ups and downs, twists and turns, and moments of pure exhilaration and fear. Just when you think you have it figured out, it takes you on unexpected loops and drops. But in the end, the ride is worth it."
In this analogy, life is compared to a roller coaster, highlighting the similarities between the two experiences. The ups and downs, twists and turns of a roller coaster are used to represent the various challenges and unpredictable moments in life. The analogy helps the reader understand and relate to the unpredictable nature of life, as well as the idea that despite its challenges, it can still be a worthwhile and thrilling journey.
Analogies are often used to clarify or explain complex ideas by comparing them to something more familiar. They create connections and bridge the gap between abstract concepts and concrete experiences, allowing the reader to grasp the essence of the subject matter more easily. Analogies can be found in various forms of communication, including literature, speeches, and everyday conversations.
6. Antagonist
The character or force that opposes the protagonist.
Example: In "The Lion King," Scar serves as the antagonist to Simba.
Here's a simple example of an antagonist:
In the classic fairy tale "Snow White," the wicked queen serves as the antagonist. She is jealous of Snow White's beauty and constantly plots against her, ultimately trying to kill her multiple times. The wicked queen's actions and intentions create conflict and pose a direct opposition to Snow White's well-being and happiness. She is the primary source of conflict in the story and stands in opposition to the protagonist, Snow White.
The role of the antagonist is to create obstacles, challenges, and opposition for the main character or protagonist. They may possess traits such as cruelty, deceitfulness, or selfishness, and their actions often drive the plot forward. The presence of an antagonist helps to build tension and suspense, as the protagonist must overcome their obstacles and conflicts in order to achieve their goals or resolve the central conflict of the story.
7. Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds in neighboring words.
Example: "The cat sat on the mat."
Here's a historical example of assonance:
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"
- From Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare
In this line from one of Shakespeare's sonnets, the repetition of the long "a" sound in the words "compare," "thee," and "day" creates an assonance. The repeated vowel sound adds a musical quality to the line and helps to create a sense of harmony and rhythm.
Assonance has been used in various forms of literature throughout history, including poetry, prose, and even in historical documents. By incorporating repeated vowel sounds, authors and poets have been able to create memorable and melodic phrases that resonate with readers or listeners.
8. Characterization
The process of developing and portraying characters in a story.
Example: Harry Potter is characterized as brave, loyal, and resourceful throughout the series.
9. Climax
The turning point or highest point of tension in a story.
Example: In "Romeo and Juliet," the climax is the moment when Romeo and Juliet both die.
Here's a simple example of a climax:
In the novel "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, the climax occurs during the trial of Tom Robinson. Atticus Finch, the protagonist, defends Tom, an African American man accused of raping a white woman. As Atticus presents his compelling evidence and exposes the inconsistencies in the testimonies, the tension builds up to a peak. The climax is reached when the jury delivers its verdict, finding Tom guilty despite the overwhelming evidence of his innocence.
The climax is the highest point of tension or conflict in a narrative, where the stakes are at their peak, and the outcome of the central conflict is determined. It is a turning point in the story that propels the plot forward and often leads to the resolution of the conflict. In this example, the outcome of the trial has far-reaching consequences for the characters and the themes of justice and racial inequality explored in the novel.
The climax is a crucial element in storytelling as it creates a heightened sense of anticipation and emotional impact for the readers or audience. It is the moment of maximum intensity, where the narrative reaches its most pivotal and decisive point.
10. Conflict
A struggle between opposing forces that drives the plot.
Example: In "The Hunger Games," Katniss Everdeen faces a conflict with the oppressive Capitol.
Here's an example of conflict:
In the novel "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, one of the central conflicts revolves around racial injustice and prejudice in the 1930s American South. The main character, Scout Finch, and her family are confronted with the deeply ingrained racism of their community when Scout's father, Atticus Finch, defends a black man, Tom Robinson, who is falsely accused of assaulting a white woman.
The conflict arises as Atticus faces opposition and hostility from the community for taking on the case and challenging the prevailing racist beliefs. This conflict highlights the clash between justice and injustice, and the struggle to overcome deeply rooted prejudice.
Conflict is a fundamental element in literature that drives the plot and develops characters. It can take various forms, such as person vs. person, person vs. society, or person vs. self. In this example, the conflict between Atticus and the racist community represents a person vs. society conflict, as he fights against the unjust social norms and fights for equality and fairness.
Conflicts in literature serve to create tension, propel the story forward, and explore complex themes and issues. They provide opportunities for character development, moral dilemmas, and exploration of power dynamics within a narrative.
11. Connotation
The emotional or cultural associations that a word carries.
Example: "Home" may have connotations of warmth, comfort, and belonging.
Here's an example of connotation:
The word "home" carries a positive connotation of warmth, comfort, and security. It evokes feelings of safety, belonging, and a sense of familiarity. When someone hears the word "home," they may think of their own personal sanctuary, a place of love and cherished memories.
In contrast, the word "house" has a more neutral connotation. It simply refers to a physical structure where people live, without carrying the same emotional weight as "home." While a house can provide shelter, it may not evoke the same emotional attachment or sense of belonging that the word "home" does.
Connotation refers to the emotional or cultural associations that words carry beyond their dictionary definitions. It involves the feelings, values, or ideas that are connected to a particular word. These associations can be subjective and vary based on personal experiences, cultural backgrounds, and societal influences. Understanding connotation is important in analyzing literature, poetry, and even everyday language, as it helps to uncover the deeper layers of meaning and evoke specific emotions in the reader or listener.
12. Denotation
The literal or dictionary definition of a word.
Example: The denotation of "snake" is a long, legless reptile.
13. Diction
The choice and use of words in writing or speech.
Example: The author uses formal diction to convey a sense of authority and seriousness.
Here's an example of diction:
Consider these two sentences:
1. "The toddler walked slowly towards his mother."
2. "The infant ambled leisurely towards his mother."
In these sentences, the choice of words demonstrates different levels of formality and conveys different nuances.
Sentence 1 uses simple, straightforward language with words like "toddler" and "walked slowly," which have a more everyday and casual tone.
Sentence 2, on the other hand, employs more elevated and descriptive language with words like "infant" and "ambled leisurely," which create a more sophisticated and precise image.
The diction in each sentence influences the reader's perception of the scene and the characters involved. The first sentence may evoke a sense of familiarity or informality, while the second sentence may create a more refined or poetic atmosphere. The choice of words in diction plays a significant role in shaping the overall tone and style of a piece of writing.
14. Euphemism
The use of milder or more indirect language to replace harsh or unpleasant terms.
Example: Saying "passed away" instead of "died."
15. Flashback
A scene that interrupts the chronological sequence to show events that happened earlier.
Example: In "The Great Gatsby," Nick Carraway has a flashback to his time in the war.
16. Foreshadowing
Hints or clues about future events in a story.
Example: In "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone," the mention of Voldemort foreshadows his return.
17. Hyperbole
Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
Example: "I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse!"
18. Imagery
Descriptive language that appeals to the senses, creating vivid mental images.
Example: "The sunset painted the sky with hues of orange and purple."
19. Irony
A contrast between what is expected and what actually happens or is meant.
Example: A fire station burns down.
Irony is a literary device that involves expressing something different from or opposite to the literal meaning of the words. It often conveys a contrast between expectations and reality, resulting in a humorous, sarcastic, or thought-provoking effect.
Here are a few easy examples of irony:
1. Verbal Irony:
When someone says the opposite of what they actually mean.
Example: "What a beautiful day," said sarcastically on a rainy and gloomy day.
In this example, the speaker's words convey the opposite of their true feelings or the reality of the weather. The contrast between the statement and the situation creates verbal irony.
2. Situational Irony:
When the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what is expected.
Example: A fire station burns down.
In this example, the fire station, which is expected to be a place of safety from fires, ironically becomes the victim of a fire itself. The situation turns out contrary to what would typically be anticipated.
3. Dramatic Irony:
When the audience or readers are aware of something that the characters in a story are not.
Example: In a play, the audience knows that a character's best friend is planning a surprise party, but the character remains unaware.
In this example, the audience's knowledge of the surprise party creates a sense of dramatic irony as they observe the character's ignorance. The contrast between what the audience knows and what the character knows adds depth and tension to the story.
Irony is often employed in literature, drama, and everyday conversations to add layers of meaning, create comedic effects, or highlight discrepancies between appearances and reality.
20. Metaphor
A figure of speech that compares two unrelated things without using "like" or "as."
Example: "Her voice is music to my ears."
A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two things by stating that one thing is another, even though they are not literally the same. It helps create vivid imagery, evoke emotions, and convey complex ideas in a concise and imaginative way.
Here's an easy example of a metaphor:
"Her smile is sunshine."
In this example, the metaphor compares someone's smile to sunshine. It suggests that the person's smile brings warmth, brightness, and joy, just like the sun. Although a smile and sunshine are not literally the same thing, the metaphor creates a powerful and vivid image in the reader's mind.
Metaphors are widely used in literature, poetry, and everyday language to add depth, creativity, and expressive power. They allow us to communicate abstract concepts and emotions by connecting them to more tangible or familiar objects or experiences. Metaphors help us see the world in new ways and invite readers or listeners to engage their imagination and interpret meaning beyond literal descriptions.
Here are a few more examples of metaphors:
1. "Time is a thief."
This metaphor compares time to a thief, suggesting that time can steal moments, opportunities, or experiences.
2. "Life is a rollercoaster."
This metaphor compares life to a rollercoaster ride, implying that life has its ups and downs, unexpected twists and turns, and exhilarating moments.
3. "The world is a stage."
This metaphor, famously used by William Shakespeare in his play "As You Like It," compares the world to a stage, suggesting that life is like a theatrical performance with individuals playing different roles.
4. "Her voice is velvet."
This metaphor compares someone's voice to the texture of velvet, conveying that their voice is smooth, rich, and pleasing to the ear.
5. "Love is a battlefield."
This metaphor, popularized by the song of the same name, compares love to a battlefield, implying that love can be intense, challenging, and fraught with emotional struggles.
These examples illustrate how metaphors can enhance our understanding of abstract concepts by connecting them to more concrete or familiar objects or experiences. Metaphors allow us to communicate and evoke vivid imagery, emotions, and associations in a succinct and impactful manner.
21. Mood
The atmosphere or emotional tone created in a literary work.
Example: A story set in a haunted house creates a spooky and suspenseful mood.
22. Motif
A recurring element, symbol, or theme that contributes to the overall meaning of a work.
Example: The motif of water in "The Great Gatsby" symbolizes both wealth and instability.
23. Onomatopoeia
Words that imitate or suggest the sound they describe.
Example: "The bees buzzed around the flowers."
24. Oxymoron
A combination of contradictory terms for dramatic or rhetorical effect.
Example: "Bittersweet," combining opposing emotions.
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms or ideas to create a unique and sometimes paradoxical effect. It is a literary device that brings together contrasting words or concepts for emphasis, irony, or to create a specific rhetorical effect.
Here's an easy example of an oxymoron:
"Jumbo shrimp"
In this example, "jumbo" and "shrimp" are contradictory terms because "jumbo" implies something large or oversized, while "shrimp" refers to a small or miniature creature. The oxymoron creates a playful and ironic effect by combining these contrasting words.
Oxymorons can also be used to convey deeper meanings or explore complex ideas. Here are a few more examples:
- "Living dead"
- "Open secret"
- "Deafening silence"
- "Cruel kindness"
- "Bittersweet"
Oxymorons are commonly used in literature, poetry, and everyday language to add depth, complexity, and thought-provoking elements to expressions. They challenge our expectations and engage the reader or listener by presenting seemingly contradictory ideas in a single phrase.
25. Paradox
A statement that appears contradictory but contains truth or a deeper meaning.
Example: "I can resist anything but temptation."
A paradox is a statement or situation that appears contradictory or self-contradictory, but may contain a hidden truth or deeper meaning. It is a rhetorical device that challenges conventional thinking and provokes thought by presenting contradictory ideas that, upon closer examination, reveal a profound or thought-provoking insight.
Here's an easy example of a paradox:
"I can resist anything but temptation."
In this example, the statement appears contradictory because resisting something typically implies not giving in to it, but the inclusion of "anything but temptation" suggests the opposite. This paradoxical statement reveals the power and allure of temptation, highlighting the internal struggle between our desires and our willpower.
Paradoxes can also be expressed through situations or events. Here's an example:
"The beginning of the end."
In this case, the phrase "beginning" and "end" seem to be contradictory terms, as they represent opposite points in time. However, the paradoxical phrase suggests that the beginning of a certain event or process marks the start of its eventual decline or conclusion.
Paradoxes are used in literature, philosophy, and everyday language to challenge assumptions, stimulate intellectual curiosity, and provoke deeper reflection. They invite us to question our preconceived notions and consider alternative perspectives. Paradoxes often contain layers of meaning, allowing us to contemplate the complexities of life, human nature, and the inherent contradictions that exist within them.
Here are a few more examples of paradoxes:
1. "I know one thing: that I know nothing." - Socrates
This paradoxical statement by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates expresses the idea that true wisdom comes from recognizing the limits of our knowledge and embracing a humble stance of intellectual curiosity.
2. "This is the beginning of the end."
This paradoxical phrase suggests that the current situation or event marks the start of its eventual decline or conclusion. It highlights the cyclical nature of life and the inevitability of change.
3. "The more you learn, the less you know."
This paradox reflects the idea that as our knowledge expands, we become more aware of the vast amount of information and complexities that exist, leading to a sense of humility and a realization of how much we still have to learn.
4. "Deep down, I'm shallow."
This paradoxical statement plays on the contrast between the surface appearance and the inner reality of a person's character. It suggests that despite appearing shallow or superficial on the surface, there may be deeper complexities or contradictions within.
5. "I must be cruel to be kind."
This paradoxical phrase suggests that sometimes taking harsh or difficult actions in the short term can lead to long-term benefits or acts of kindness. It reflects the idea that tough love or challenging decisions can ultimately serve the greater good.
Paradoxes challenge our understanding of reality, conventional wisdom, and the limitations of language. They offer insights into the complexities of human existence, the contradictions inherent in various aspects of life, and the mysteries that lie beyond simple explanations.
26. Personification
Giving human qualities or characteristics to non-human objects or animals.
Example: "The flowers danced in the wind."
Personification is a figure of speech in which non-human objects or abstract concepts are given human qualities, characteristics, or actions. It is a literary device that brings life and vividness to inanimate objects or intangible concepts by attributing human attributes to them.
Here's an easy example of personification:
"The sun smiled down on the beach."
In this example, the sun is given the human quality of smiling, which is an action associated with humans expressing happiness. The personification adds a sense of warmth and positivity to the description of the sun.
Personification can also be used to describe the behavior or characteristics of animals or natural phenomena. Here are a few more examples:
- "The wind whispered through the trees."
- "The flowers danced in the breeze."
- "The stars winked and twinkled in the night sky."
- "The raging storm angrily pounded the coastline."
Personification serves to make descriptions more engaging, imaginative, and relatable. By attributing human qualities to non-human entities, it helps readers create a stronger connection with the subject matter and better understand or visualize the writer's intended meaning. Personification is commonly used in poetry, literature, and storytelling to evoke emotions, create vivid imagery, and convey deeper symbolic or metaphorical meanings.
27. Plot
The sequence of events that make up a story.
Example: The plot of "The Lord of the Rings" follows Frodo's journey to destroy the One Ring.
28. Point of view
The perspective from which a story is told.
Example: "I" or "me" in a first-person narrative, or "he" or "she" in a third-person narrative.
29. Protagonist
The main character or central figure in a story.
Example: Harry Potter is the protagonist of the Harry Potter series.
30. Repetition
The deliberate use of the same words, phrases, or structures for emphasis.
Example: "Never, never, never give up."
31. Rhyme
The similarity of sounds between words, often at the end of lines in poetry.
Example: "Roses are red, violets are blue..."
Here's a simple example of rhyme:
"Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are."
In this example, the words "star" and "are" rhyme with each other. Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds, usually at the end of words, to create a pleasing or musical effect. It is a common poetic device used in various forms of literature, including poetry, songs, and nursery rhymes.
Rhyme can add a sense of rhythm, musicality, and coherence to a piece of writing. It can also help to emphasize certain words or ideas and make them more memorable. Rhyme schemes, which refer to the pattern of rhymes in a poem or song, can vary and contribute to the overall structure and flow of the piece.
In addition to end rhyme (rhyme at the end of lines), there are other types of rhyme, such as internal rhyme (rhyme within a line) and slant rhyme (partial or imperfect rhyme). Different types of rhyme can be used to create different effects and enhance the overall impact of a literary work.
32. Satire
The use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize or mock individuals, society, or institutions.
Example: "Animal Farm" satirizes the Russian Revolution.
Here's an example of satire:
In George Orwell's novel "Animal Farm," the entire story is a satirical allegory that critiques the Russian Revolution and the subsequent rise of Stalinism. The animals on the farm overthrow their human farmer and establish a system of animal equality and self-governance. However, as time goes on, the pigs, led by Napoleon, gradually become corrupt and oppressive rulers, mimicking the power dynamics and tyranny of the Soviet Union.
Through this satirical portrayal, Orwell critiques the hypocrisy and corruption of political systems and leaders. The animals' initial ideals of equality and justice are undermined as the pigs manipulate language, rewrite history, and exploit the other animals for their own gain. The novel serves as a critique of totalitarianism, exposing the dangers of political manipulation and the abuse of power.
Satire uses humor, irony, or exaggeration to expose and criticize human follies, vices, or social and political issues. It often employs sarcasm, wit, and parody to provoke thought and challenge societal norms or institutions. Satire aims to entertain, while also encouraging readers to reflect on the flaws and absurdities of the world around them.
Other notable examples of satire include Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," which satirizes various aspects of society through the protagonist's fantastical adventures, and Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," which uses satire to expose racial prejudices and social injustices in American society.
33. Setting
The time and place in which a story takes place.
Example: "Pride and Prejudice" is set in 19th-century England.
34. Simile
A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using "like" or "as."
Example: "He ran as fast as a cheetah."
A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words "like" or "as." It is a literary device that helps to create vivid imagery, highlight similarities, and make descriptions more relatable or understandable.
Here's an easy example of a simile:
"Her eyes sparkled like diamonds."
In this example, the simile compares the brightness and shine of someone's eyes to the sparkling quality of diamonds. The use of "like" helps to establish the comparison and create a visual image of the eyes glistening with light.
Similes can be used to make descriptions more engaging, add emphasis, or convey a specific meaning. Here are a few more examples:
- "He was as brave as a lion."
- "The baby slept as peacefully as a contented kitten."
- "Her laughter was like music to my ears."
- "The coffee tasted bitter, like burnt toast."
- "The old tree stood tall and strong, like a guardian watching over the forest."
Similes allow writers to make connections between different objects, experiences, or qualities to enhance the reader's understanding or evoke certain emotions. By comparing two things, similes provide a frame of reference that can help paint a more vivid picture in the reader's mind and engage their senses.
35. Symbolism
The use of objects, characters, or actions to represent abstract ideas or concepts.
Example: The green light in "The Great Gatsby" symbolizes the American Dream.
36. Theme
The central message or main idea of a literary work.
Example: The theme of love in Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet."
37. Tone
The author's attitude or perspective conveyed through writing.
Example: The tone of a sarcastic remark or a joyful celebration.
Here's an example of tone:
"The party was lively, filled with laughter, music, and dancing."
In this example, the tone of the sentence is joyful or celebratory. The use of words like "lively," "laughter," "music," and "dancing" conveys a positive and upbeat atmosphere. The tone sets the mood for a festive occasion and suggests that the party is enjoyable and filled with happiness.
Tone refers to the author's or speaker's attitude or feelings towards the subject matter or audience. It can be conveyed through the choice of words, imagery, and overall language used in a piece of writing. The tone can range from serious and formal to light-hearted, sarcastic, or somber, among many other possibilities.
Authors carefully select and employ tone to evoke specific emotions, engage readers, and effectively convey their intended message or mood. Understanding the tone of a piece of writing helps readers interpret the author's perspective and connect with the content on a deeper level.
38. Anaphora
Anaphora is a rhetorical device that involves the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of consecutive clauses, sentences, or lines. It is often used for emphasis, to create rhythm, or to evoke emotional impact.
Here's an easy example of anaphora:
"I have a dream that one day...
I have a dream that one day...
I have a dream that one day..."
In Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous speech, "I Have a Dream," he repeats the phrase "I have a dream" to emphasize his vision of racial equality and to convey the importance and urgency of his message.
In this example, the repetition of the phrase "I have a dream" at the beginning of each sentence creates a powerful and memorable effect, reinforcing the central theme and highlighting the aspirations and hopes expressed in the speech.
39. Antithesis
Antithesis is a literary device that involves the use of contrasting ideas, words, or phrases within a parallel grammatical structure. It juxtaposes contrasting elements to highlight their differences and create a powerful effect.
Here's an easy example of antithesis:
"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times."
This famous opening line from Charles Dickens' novel "A Tale of Two Cities" presents a clear antithesis by contrasting "the best of times" and "the worst of times." The parallel structure of the sentence enhances the impact of the opposing ideas and sets the tone for the contrasting themes explored throughout the story.
In this example, the antithesis highlights the stark contrast between positive and negative experiences, emphasizing the turbulent and contradictory nature of the historical period depicted in the novel.
40. Ballad
A ballad is a form of narrative poetry that tells a story through verse. It typically has a simple and rhythmic structure, often consisting of alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Ballads are traditionally passed down through oral tradition and are known for their storytelling elements.
Here's an easy example of a ballad:
"Bonny Barbara Allan"
In Scarlet Town where I was born,
There was a fair maid dwellin',
Made every youth cry Well-a-way!
Her name was Barbara Allan.
All in the merry month of May,
When green buds they were swellin',
Young Jemmy Grove on his deathbed lay,
For love of Barbara Allan.
In this ballad, "Bonny Barbara Allan," the story unfolds through verse as it tells the tale of Barbara Allan and her impact on the young man named Jemmy Grove. The simple and rhythmic structure, along with the narrative elements, create a captivating and memorable story. Ballads often explore themes of love, tragedy, and the human experience in a concise and lyrical manner.
41. Blank verse
Blank verse is a form of poetry that consists of unrhymed lines written in iambic pentameter, which means each line has five pairs of unstressed and stressed syllables. Unlike other poetic forms, such as sonnets or rhymed couplets, blank verse does not follow a specific rhyme scheme.
Here's an easy example of blank verse:
"To be, or not to be, that is the question."
(William Shakespeare, Hamlet)
In this example, Shakespeare uses blank verse to deliver the famous soliloquy spoken by Prince Hamlet. The lines are written in unrhymed iambic pentameter, which gives the speech a natural and rhythmic flow. Blank verse is commonly used in dramatic works, as it allows for more flexibility in expression and dialogue while maintaining a structured and poetic form.
Blank verse is often associated with a sense of elegance, sophistication, and versatility. It provides poets with the freedom to express ideas and emotions in a poetic form without being bound by the constraints of a specific rhyme scheme.
If you have much interest to learn about blank verse, read this- The Elegance of Blank Verse: Captivating Poetry Without Boundaries - Behind the lessons.
42. Sonnet
A sonnet is a poetic form that consists of fourteen lines typically written in iambic pentameter. Sonnets traditionally explore themes of love, beauty, and the complexities of human emotions. There are two main types of sonnets: the Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet and the English (Shakespearean) sonnet.
1. Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet:
The Italian sonnet is divided into two parts: an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines). The octave usually presents a problem or a question, while the sestet provides a resolution or a response.
Here's an easy example of an Italian sonnet:
"Whose woods these are I think I know" (Robert Frost, "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening")
In this example, Frost's poem follows the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA for the octave and CDCDCD for the sestet. The first eight lines establish the speaker's contemplation of nature, while the final six lines reflect on the speaker's responsibilities and obligations in life.
You can read more- Unraveling the Elegance of Francesco Petrarca: Exploring the Beauty of His Sonnets - Behind the lessons.
2. English (Shakespearean) Sonnet:
The English sonnet is divided into three quatrains (four lines each) and a concluding couplet (two lines). The quatrains often present different aspects or arguments related to the main theme, and the couplet provides a summarizing or concluding statement.
Here's an easy example of an English sonnet:
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" (William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18)
In this example, Shakespeare's sonnet follows the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. The first twelve lines explore the beauty of the beloved, while the final couplet emphasizes the immortalizing power of the poet's words.
Sonnets are renowned for their structured and concise nature, offering a platform for poets to express their thoughts, emotions, and observations with precision and depth.
43. Consonance
Consonance is a literary device that involves the repetition of consonant sounds within a group of words, typically in close proximity. Unlike rhyme, which occurs at the end of words, consonance can occur in any part of a word, including the beginning, middle, or end.
Here's an easy example of consonance:
"Mike likes his bike."
In this example, the repetition of the "k" sound in the words "Mike," "likes," and "bike" creates consonance. The similar consonant sounds create a harmonious and melodic effect when spoken aloud.
Consonance can add musicality and rhythm to a piece of writing and can be used to create emphasis, enhance the flow of language, or create memorable phrases. It often contributes to the overall sound and aesthetic appeal of poetry and prose.
44. Digression
Digression refers to a temporary departure or deviation from the main topic or theme in a piece of writing or speech. It involves veering off into a different subject or providing additional information that is not directly relevant to the main point being discussed.
Here's an easy example of digression:
"I went to the store to buy some groceries. By the way, did I tell you about the time I went hiking in the mountains last summer? It was a breathtaking experience. The trails were challenging, and the scenery was absolutely stunning. Anyway, back to the grocery store..."
In this example, the mention of the hiking experience is a digression from the main topic of buying groceries. It interrupts the flow of the narrative and provides unrelated information. While digressions can sometimes add depth or interest to a piece of writing, they can also distract from the main focus and confuse the reader or listener.
Digressions are often used intentionally by writers and speakers to add anecdotes, provide background information, or engage the audience. However, it's important to use digressions judiciously to maintain coherence and clarity in communication.
45. Elegy
An elegy is a poetic form that mourns or laments the loss of someone or something. It expresses deep sorrow, grief, or sadness over a death, a tragedy, or the passage of time. Elegies often reflect on the transience of life and the impact of loss on the human experience.
Here's an easy example of an elegy:
"O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done" (Walt Whitman, "O Captain! My Captain!")
In this example, Whitman's elegy is written in the form of a poem that mourns the death of President Abraham Lincoln. The speaker addresses Lincoln as the captain of a ship and expresses grief and admiration for his leadership. The elegy reflects on the nation's journey through the tumultuous times of the American Civil War and the sense of loss caused by Lincoln's assassination.
Elegies often use vivid imagery, metaphors, and emotional language to evoke a sense of mourning and to honor the subject of the elegy. They provide a space for contemplation, reflection, and the expression of deep emotions associated with grief and loss.
46. Epic
An epic is a long narrative poem that tells the heroic story of a legendary figure or a significant event. It often showcases the adventures, achievements, and challenges faced by the protagonist, who embodies heroic qualities and undertakes grand quests or battles.
Here's an easy example of an epic:
"The Odyssey" by Homer
"The Odyssey" is one of the most well-known examples of an epic poem. It tells the story of the hero Odysseus and his journey back home to Ithaca after the Trojan War. The poem spans ten years and encompasses Odysseus' encounters with mythical creatures, gods, and challenges, including the famous episode with the Cyclops, the Sirens, and the journey to the Underworld.
Epics typically incorporate elements of mythology, divine intervention, and a grand scale of events. They often explore themes of heroism, honor, loyalty, and the complexities of human nature. Epics are characterized by their length, elevated language, and their ability to capture the imagination of the audience through the grandeur and significance of the protagonist's journey.
47. Eulogy
A eulogy is a speech or piece of writing that honors and pays tribute to someone who has passed away. It is typically delivered at a funeral or memorial service to celebrate and commemorate the life of the deceased.
Here's an easy example of a eulogy:
"Ladies and gentlemen, we gather here today to remember and celebrate the life of our dear friend, Sarah. Sarah was a remarkable person who touched the lives of so many with her kindness, compassion, and infectious laughter. She had an incredible ability to make everyone feel valued and loved, and her generosity knew no bounds.
Sarah had a passion for helping others, and she dedicated her life to making a difference in the world. Whether it was volunteering at local shelters or organizing fundraisers for various causes, she always went above and beyond to make a positive impact. Her selflessness and unwavering spirit of giving will forever inspire us.
Beyond her charitable work, Sarah was an incredible friend and confidant. She was always there to lend an ear, offer support, and bring joy to those around her. Her genuine smile and warmth could light up any room. Sarah had a way of making everyone feel seen and heard, and her presence brought comfort and solace to many.
Today, as we bid farewell to Sarah, let us remember the beautiful moments we shared with her. Let us carry her memory in our hearts and strive to live our lives with the same kindness and love that she exemplified. Though we mourn her loss, we can find solace in knowing that her spirit will continue to live on through the lives she touched.
Sarah, thank you for gracing our lives with your presence. We will forever cherish the memories we created with you. Rest in peace, dear friend."
Eulogies are personal and heartfelt tributes that celebrate the life, character, and achievements of the deceased. They offer an opportunity to reflect on the impact the person had on others and to provide comfort and closure for those who are grieving.
48. Hymn
A hymn is a religious or spiritual song or poem that is typically sung in praise, adoration, or worship of a deity or a higher power. Hymns are often part of religious ceremonies, gatherings, or congregational worship and are meant to evoke feelings of reverence, gratitude, and devotion.
Here's an easy example of a hymn:
"Amazing Grace"
Amazing grace, how sweet the sound,
That saved a wretch like me.
I once was lost, but now am found,
Was blind, but now I see.
In this example, "Amazing Grace" is a well-known hymn that expresses gratitude for the redeeming and transformative power of divine grace. The hymn acknowledges the profound impact of grace in the life of the believer and serves as a reminder of the mercy and forgiveness granted by a higher power.
Hymns often have a structured and melodic composition, making them easily sung and remembered by a congregation or community. They serve as a form of worship, reflection, and communal expression of faith, fostering a sense of unity and spiritual connection among those who participate.
49. Limerick
A limerick is a short, humorous poem consisting of five lines. It typically has a specific rhyming scheme and a distinctive rhythm. Limericks are known for their witty and sometimes nonsensical content.
Here's an easy example of a limerick:
There once was a man from Nantucket (A)
Who kept all his cash in a bucket (A)
But his daughter, named Nan (B)
Ran away with a man (B)
And as for the bucket, Nantucket (A)
In this example, the limerick follows the classic AABBA rhyme scheme, where the first, second-, and fifth-lines rhyme with each other, and the third- and fourth-lines rhyme with each other. Limericks often have a playful and humorous tone, and they commonly contain puns, wordplay, or unexpected twists.
Limericks are meant to be light-hearted and entertaining, and they often explore topics that are amusing or absurd. They have a distinct rhythm and meter, with lines one, two, and five typically longer and lines three and four shorter. Limericks are a popular form of poetry for children and adults alike due to their humorous nature and catchy structure.
50. Monologue
A monologue is a speech, or a long uninterrupted passage spoken by a single character in a play, film, or other forms of literature. It provides an opportunity for a character to express their thoughts, feelings, or observations to an audience or to other characters within the story.
Here's an easy example of a monologue:
"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them.
The good is oft interred with their bones.
So let it be with Caesar."
In this example, the famous monologue is from William Shakespeare's play "Julius Caesar." The character Marc Antony addresses a crowd of Romans following the assassination of Julius Caesar. The monologue serves as a persuasive and emotional appeal to sway the public opinion about Caesar and his legacy.
Monologues can range in length and purpose. They can reveal a character's inner thoughts, share a backstory, convey a character's motivations, or provide insight into a particular situation or event. Monologues allow for introspection, reflection, and the exploration of complex emotions and ideas by a single character.
Monologues are commonly used in dramatic performances, films, and literature to provide depth and characterization. They offer an opportunity for actors to showcase their skills and engage the audience by delivering powerful, introspective, or impassioned speeches.
51. Novel
A novel is a long work of fictional prose narrative that tells a story about a series of events, characters, and their interactions. Novels are typically longer and more complex than short stories, allowing for in-depth exploration of themes, plotlines, and character development.
Here's an easy example of a novel:
"To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee
"To Kill a Mockingbird" is a classic novel set in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the 1930s. The story follows Scout Finch, a young girl, as she narrates her experiences growing up and witnessing racial injustice and inequality in her community. The novel explores themes of prejudice, morality, and the loss of innocence through Scout's perspective.
Novels offer a broader canvas for storytelling, allowing authors to delve into intricate plotlines, multiple perspectives, and nuanced character development. They can cover a wide range of genres, including romance, mystery, science fiction, historical fiction, and more. Novels often provide opportunities for readers to engage with complex themes, explore the human condition, and gain insight into different cultures, time periods, or social issues.
With their extensive length, novels offer a rich and immersive reading experience, inviting readers to become deeply invested in the lives and journeys of the characters. They allow for a comprehensive exploration of narrative arcs, subplots, and thematic elements, enabling authors to craft a multi-layered and satisfying storytelling experience.
52. Epistolary Novel
An epistolary novel is a literary work that is primarily composed of letters, diary entries, or other forms of written correspondence exchanged between the characters. Instead of traditional narrative prose, the story unfolds through the letters, creating a sense of intimacy and immediacy.
Here's an easy example of an epistolary novel:
"The Color Purple" by Alice Walker
"The Color Purple" is an epistolary novel that tells the story of Celie, a young African American woman living in the early 20th century. The novel is presented as a series of letters written by Celie to God and later to her sister Nettie. Through these letters, Celie shares her experiences of abuse, love, empowerment, and self-discovery, as well as her connections to other women in her life.
Epistolary novels provide a unique narrative structure, offering readers a direct window into the characters' thoughts, emotions, and personal perspectives. The use of letters allows for a more intimate portrayal of the characters' inner lives and enables the exploration of multiple viewpoints as the correspondence unfolds.
Epistolary novels can create a sense of immediacy and authenticity, as readers are immersed in the characters' private thoughts and feelings. They offer an engaging and often introspective reading experience, with the letters serving as a vehicle for character development, plot progression, and the exploration of themes.
Other notable examples of epistolary novels include "Dracula" by Bram Stoker, "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley, and "84, Charing Cross Road" by Helene Hanff.
53. Ode
An ode is a type of lyrical poem that expresses strong emotions of admiration, praise, or celebration towards a specific subject. Odes are typically characterized by their formal structure, elevated language, and a sense of reverence or awe.
Here's an easy example of an ode:
"Ode to Joy" by Friedrich Schiller
Joy, beautiful spark of the gods,
Daughter of Elysium!
We enter, drunk with fire,
Heavenly one, your sanctuary!
Your magic binds again
What custom strictly divided.
All people become brothers,
Where your gentle wing abides.
In this example, "Ode to Joy" is a famous ode written by Friedrich Schiller and later set to music by Ludwig van Beethoven. The ode expresses deep admiration and celebration of joy as a divine force that unites people and breaks down barriers. It showcases the elevated language and emotional intensity commonly found in odes.
Odes can be written about a variety of subjects, such as nature, love, historical figures, or abstract concepts. They often employ rich imagery, vivid descriptions, and powerful metaphors to evoke a strong emotional response in the reader. Odes are characterized by their formal structure, which includes stanzas, rhyme schemes, and a grand tone that reflects the heightened emotions and reverence for the subject.
Famous poets who wrote odes include John Keats, Pablo Neruda, and Horace. Odes continue to be a popular form of expression in poetry, allowing poets to convey their deep emotions and offer tribute to the beauty and significance they find in the world around them.
54. Soliloquy
A soliloquy is a dramatic device in which a character speaks their thoughts aloud, usually while alone on stage. It is a form of monologue but differs in that a soliloquy typically reveals the character's innermost feelings, reflections, or intentions. The character directly addresses the audience, providing insight into their motivations, conflicts, or dilemmas.
Soliloquies are commonly found in plays and allow the audience to gain a deeper understanding of a character's psyche. By speaking their thoughts aloud, the character reveals their inner struggles, plans, or revelations, often in a moment of self-reflection or decision-making.
Here's an easy example of a soliloquy:
"To be, or not to be: that is the question."
- From William Shakespeare's play Hamlet
In this famous soliloquy, the character Hamlet contemplates the meaning of life and the moral implications of existence. He ponders the choice between continuing to suffer the trials of life or ending his own life. Through this soliloquy, the audience gains insight into Hamlet's inner turmoil and his profound philosophical ponderings.
Soliloquies provide an opportunity for characters to express their true thoughts and emotions without the constraints of social expectations or interactions with other characters. They serve as a window into the character's mind and contribute to the overall development of the narrative, revealing their motivations, conflicts, and internal struggles.
Notable playwrights such as William Shakespeare and August Wilson have used soliloquies to great effect, offering powerful moments of introspection and self-revelation for their characters. Soliloquies allow the audience to connect with the characters on a deeper level and offer valuable insights into their experiences and inner lives.
Here's a simple example of a soliloquy:
"I can't believe this is happening. How did I end up in this mess? All I wanted was a fresh start, but now everything is falling apart. I thought I had it all figured out, but it's just one setback after another. Maybe I should have stayed where I was. No, I can't give up now. I've come too far. I need to find the strength to keep going, to overcome these challenges. I won't let this defeat me. I'll rise above it all and prove that I'm capable of more."
In this example, the character is alone on stage and speaking their thoughts aloud. They express their frustrations, doubts, and determination to overcome the difficulties they are facing. The soliloquy offers insight into the character's mindset, their inner struggles, and their resilience in the face of adversity.
While this example is not from a specific play or work, it showcases the essence of a soliloquy by presenting a character's inner thoughts and reflections in a dramatic and introspective manner.
55. Stanza
A stanza is a division or unit of poetry that consists of a group of lines separated from other groups by spacing. It is a structural element in poetry that helps organize and shape the overall composition. Stanzas often have a consistent number of lines, a specific rhyme scheme, and contribute to the flow and rhythm of the poem.
Here's an easy example of a stanza:
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
In this example, the stanza consists of four lines, also known as a quatrain. Each line contributes to the overall description of the poet's experience of seeing daffodils. The stanza creates a pause and a sense of separation from the subsequent lines, allowing the reader to absorb and reflect on the imagery and emotions presented.
Stanzas can vary in length, structure, and rhyme scheme, depending on the poetic form or style being employed. They help to organize ideas, control the pacing of the poem, and establish a pattern or structure that contributes to the poem's overall effect.
Famous poems, such as "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost and "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe, utilize stanzas to create a sense of rhythm, structure, and visual appeal. Stanzas provide a framework for poets to express their ideas, emotions, and observations, and they play a crucial role in the form and structure of poetic compositions.
These definitions and examples should provide you with a good starting point to understand and recognize these literary terms in various works of literature.
